Linksvayer Lab: mid Week 5

Hi my name is Ben Wagner and I've been working in the Linksvayer Lab at Penn. We work on evolutionary biology and collective decision making in ants.

At the middle of week 5 I am still working on the microsatellites project, still with hope that I'll be able to get onto an animal behavior in the coming weeks. To remind you what my current project is... I have been taking 15 ants from a large number of colonies, and individually crushing, adding buffers, centrifuging, letting incubate, and finally perform PCR on these samples. There are also steps of Nano Dropping, where I use a Nano Drop machine to test light refraction at certain wave lengths, telling me how much DNA in is the sample, and running gel electrophoresis after PCR, in order to see the size of my samples. We are looking for microsatellites, also known as Short Tandem Repeats (STRs), in order to tell the difference between the genetic codes of the different colonies. Due to the caste systems Pharaoh (and other) ants use, the genetic code of a single colony is very identical, and two sister worker ants are more related than any human is to another human on average, except for identical twins. We are not trying to sequence the entire genome because that takes a long time and is very expensive. Instead we are looking fro Micro Satellites, which we expect could be different between colonies. As an example,we might be looking for a code that says to make a little extra of a certain protein in one colony when compared to another, as opposed to the code that says grow legs, or something all ants do.

Unfortunately I am currently in an awkward spot in time, as we have run out of the Taq MasterMix Polymerase needed to run PCR, as well as multiple of the markers needed to do multiplexing, which is marking the genetic sequence. So for the next few days I am starting up on new colonies, and preparing them for PCR. This means the project is likely to continue even longer, since we had not originally planned on doing more colonies (past the amount from my last post), and because we need to wait for delivery.

Hopefully things will become more exciting here in the near future, but for now its back to crushing ants!

Computer Networking Lab weeks 2-5

Hi, this is Sohan and I am working in a computer networking lab at Columbia University this summer.

Over the past few weeks, my daily work has remained very similar. It mostly consists of running our experiment remotely on the Orbit Lab. Slowly I have progressed to running the experiment on all 400 nodes, which is a bigger accomplishment that it seems. More often that not , the nodes are unresponsive, or are unable to upload the requisite operating system for us to run our experiment unto their consoles (we usually run the most basic version of Ubuntu available but other experimenters upload other various operating systems best suited to run their experiments). On a good test run, typically 100 or so are unresponsive and another 25 fail to upload the Ubuntu operating system, but obtaining data for 275 nodes is more than enough.

More recently, Varun has had be deal with other pieces of code besides shell scripts. When running the experiment, we retrieve the data and it is stored as several hundred .pcap files on the computer (.pcap files are typically used to log the traffic passing across a wireless network). In essence, the .pcap files are a collection is millions and millions of 1's and 0's which obviously mean nothing to humans, but which the computer can interpret. In order to process the .pcap files, we use a Python script (python is a programming languages) which ultimately outputs information such as the total number of bytes transmitted or the average speed at which these bytes are traveling in KBPS (kilobytes per second). Working with Python was very new to me since prior to this, I had done most of my coding in languages like Java or in C/C++, but nonetheless, learning a new language like Python can never hurt.

The last new major change in my routine has been the implementation of certain MATLAB scripts (MATLAB is also another programming language). The MATLAB scripts are designed to take the specific numbers and data outputted from the aforementioned Python scripts and create histograms based on that data. Data is usually easier to interpret when presented visually and thus we can usually analyze the histograms and see if there are any changes to be made and if the algorithm is working.

Outside of the work, the lab experience has also been helpful and entertaining. There are 4 other member of our lab in the same work area as me and we frequently have conversations as a group about things besides our research. They all give me ample advice on college and what to do/what not to do freshmen year which typically, you can only learn from someone who has experienced it themselves.

I've really enjoyed my time working here thus far and eagerly await the next few weeks of researching!

Week 3 at the Donohue Lab

Hi this is Meg again. I just finished my third week of working in the Donohue lab at Duke University. Finally after about 2 weeks of setting of for my experiment, we were able to begin on Monday. To summarize my experiment, we will be putting seeds from different genotypes and different maternal conditions (some maternal plants were grown in hot temperatures and some were grown in cold temperatures) in dishes of different water potentials. Water potential (Ψ) helps to describe where water will move due to diffusion and more specifically osmosis; the area with the more negative water potential is where the water will move to. After the plates have been seeded, we will then census the dishes every other day to count how many have germinated. Once the all the data has been collected, hopefully we will find a threshold or base water potential (Ψ_b), which is the lowest water potential at which germination will still occur, for each of the genotypes and maternal conditions.

So this week on Monday, we started to seed both my experiment and an undergraduate’s experiment. Lien, the undergrad, is also working with different water potentials but her experiment focuses on a different aspect of water potential. However, she has a very similar setup, and therefore we have been working together on both projects. Overall, on Monday, we seeded 270 plates, 120 of those with 24 seeds, and 150 with 12 seeds, which made for a pretty tiring day.

On Tuesday we ended up seeding 50 more plates than we had originally planned, which meant that we seeded 270 plates again. Then on Wednesday, luckily it was a little less with 220 plates. On Thursday, even though it was the Fourth of July, we had to come in and finish seeding for our experiment. However, because we had done extra on Tuesday, we only had to seed 170 dishes, which meant that we were all able to leave the lab by around 1.

Buchner funnel attached
to Buchner flask

Funnel and Flask attached
to vacuum

In Lien’s experiment, the seeds are kept at in dishes with varying water potentials, just as mine are. However, after 4 days, the seeds are switched from dishes with negative water potentials to dishes with distilled water (water potential of 0). The goal of this is to see if the first treatment with varying water potentials helps the seed to progress towards germination, without actually germinating. If the negative water potentials do help the seeds progress towards germination, the amount of time it takes for the seed to germinate will decrease. In order to transfer the seeds to dishes with water, we first needed to rinse the seeds to ensure that all of the solution from the original treatment is washed off. On Friday, we began this process.

Cutting filter paper
with seeds on it

 To rinse the seeds, first we cut out the filter paper that the seeds were resting on in the plate and placed it on paper that absorbs the excess solution. Next, we placed a piece of filter paper in a Buchner funnel, which fed into a Buchner flask. The funnel is made of ceramic and has many small holes. The outside of the funnel is surrounded by a rubber stopper to create a seal. The flask has a hose barb so that a hose can connect the flask to a vacuum. Then we placed the now dry filter paper with the seeds in the funnel on top of the other filter paper. 

Rinsing seeds. The soapy-
looking water in the flask is
the dirty water that is sucked
in due to the vacuum

Next we rinsed the seeds twice with 10 ml of distilled water. Because there is a vacuum in the flask, but the paper cannot pass through the funnel, only the water that the seeds are rinsed with moves into the flask, leaving the seeds clean and sitting on dry filter paper. Finally, we placed the original filter paper in weigh boats filled with 20 ml of water, which is where they are seeded from onto the new distilled water plates. This whole process is really time consuming and stressful because the water scatters the seeds everywhere so that some are lost in the process. We couldn’t lose more than 12 of 24 seeds each time in the process or else there wouldn’t be enough seeds to complete the experiment. 

Rinsed seeds in weigh
boat, ready to be seeded

Also, because the time the seeds are placed in the dish is important to the experiment’s results, we couldn’t take any breaks until we had rinsed all the seeds for that day. As a result we had to work from 9 am to 3pm with no breaks. In addition to this, because plants don’t understand the concept of weekends, we had to work through the weekend, rinsing seeds for 6 hours straight. Finally this Monday we finished rinsing, meaning that for now on we only have to census the seeds since all seeds are in the correct plates and solutions.

Although my third week felt extremely long and stressful, and I haven’t had a day off in a while, this week was actually pretty enjoyable. In the weeks prior, seeding was pretty annoying. However, this time around, because it was my own experiment and we had been preparing so much for this week, the seeding was actually pretty exciting. I thought it was interesting that the in first 2 weeks of the lab I had just been helping everyone around me, but now everyone was actually helping me. In addition to this, the busyness of this week helped the days pass by quickly. I remember my first week in the lab the days seemed to last forever because all I really did was read articles since there wasn’t much else to do. Now that I’m a lot busier, my days feel a lot quicker and are a lot more interesting, making my overall experience a lot more enjoyable.

               

Fluorescence; The Crazy World of Wavelengths Week 4

Just a reminder, my name is Colton and I’m visiting the Buccella Laboratory at New York University. The lab is part of the chemistry department. More information about the lab can be found at  http://www.nyu.edu/fas/dept/chemistry/buccellagroup/ .

Monday morning started off early as usual. As I waited for everyone to arrive, I ate my breakfast overlooking Washington Square Park. It is such a beautiful view, but It isn’t just the view that is astounding; it’s a combination of NYU, their facilities and more importantly the friendly, intelligent people I’ve been able to work with.

Finally when Sarina arrived,(the graduate student I’ve been working with), I found out that I would be continuing my mini-project. My mini-project is fluorescent tests on 3 different compounds in various solvents, that I mentioned in “Fluorescence; The Crazy World of Wavelengths Week 3”. I had to finish testing compound 1c, which took up the morning and went into the afternoon.

The next day I planned to continue the experiment, but there was a catch. I've come to found that this often happens in research and it is generally time related. I could technically start, but I couldn't collect data till the following day. The issue was a matter of equilibration. Compounds 1a and 1b that I would now be testing had to equilibrate for at least 6 hours in 2 of the solvents I was testing them in, PIPES buffer and water. I prepared these solutions and all the others, so I would not have to take the time to make them the following day. After a quick lunch we continued our ATP titrations. A brief reminder; we are testing a fluorescent compound’s fluorescence when bound to Magnesium and the effects ATP has on the system. *For a more detailed background of the experiment please see week 2 and 3 of my blogs.  10 fluorescent scans had to be taken every ½ hour which meant we were going to be in the lab a while. Combined with our late start in the afternoon and the amount of time needed between scans, we didn’t finish the experiment until 8:30pm. It was all worth it in the end, we gathered the data we needed and found out that we don’t have to wait as long between scans in future experiments. On the overhand, we were still unsure what exactly was happening within the system. We believe it could be photo bleaching or slow equilibration. Photo bleaching is the breaking down of a compound over time as it is subjected to light (excited). Photo bleaching occurs at different rates for every compound, and the goal is for a compound to slowly photo bleach, meaning it can be excited multiple times before truly breaking down.  

The next day I was able to continue my mini-experiment on the UV-Vis & fluorimeter immediately. I have figured out a fairly proficient system for running my tests, which allowed me to finish them in a few hours.

Uv-Vis

Fluorimeter 

At group meeting this week, Debbie presented techniques used in the paper “Labeling Lysine Acetyltransferase Substrates with Engineered Enzymesand Functionalized Cofactor Surrogates”. You can access the article by clicking on its' title above. Although there was some information I did not have enough biology background to understand, I found that Debbie did well presenting the information, only adding to my comprehension. The big picture for me was learning more about the ways in which biology and chemistry interact.

Next week should be just as exciting as we begin to explore the reasons behind the results of the ATP titrations!

Working with the ICP - Week 4

Hi, my name is Alyssa and I'm writing about my 4th week at the Park Group at Columbia University's Environmental Engineering Department.

My PI and PHD student finally came back from the conference, and we started using the ICP to analyze our samples. Primarily, we worked in a much larger lab on the 3rd floor, where the rest of the Park Group conducts experiments.

 ICP is the abbreviation of Inductively Coupled Plasma mass spectrometer. It is used to detect metals and several non-metals at extremely low concentrations. The machine ionizes the samples with inductively coupled plasma (a type of plasma source in which the energy is created by induction) and then separate the ions using a mass spectrometer.

The process involves high temperature heating in the upper chamber and a cooling mechanism below it.     So as I was standing in front of the ICP, it was like being in two worlds - one sweltering and one cold. 

I would say the ICP process is rather straight forward - prepare samples, position test tubes, enter commands in the computer program, and GO! But since each sample takes 6-10 minutes and I need to make sure nothing goes wrong during the process, it needs to be watched over. One night, I even had to stay until 8pm to wait till the experiment was done. But the fascinating thing about ICP and the computer program is, I got to watch the testing needle dip into each test tube accurately, knowing exactly where the samples were positioned, and all I had to do is watch this happen. 

The rest of the week, I spent time reading papers from Dr. Park and helped Camille dumping some chemicals.

Counting cells - Week 4 at Duke

This is Jocelyn again from Duke University working on olfaction in mice. This is
my fourth week.
I thought the previous week was low key but this week topped that. The first two
days were spent genotyping new litters of pups from the animal house and other
analyses of microscope photos in ImageJ (and the help of Microsoft Excel).

For genotyping, Neha collected toe clips from the pups and we soaked the
templates in 100 micro liters of tail buffer and 10 micro liters of proteinase K
which breaks down the protein, and then put the tubes into the PCR machine. The
next day we took the tubes out and made a master mix (dNTP, forward and
reverse primers, 10x buffer and the diluted template). I ran 3 gels because there
were 27 tubes and each tube needed 4 (1 wt, 1 m, 2 wt, 2 m). 108 + 4 controls =
112 wells.

From Tuesday afternoon to Friday, Neha left for California, leaving me to code and
count positive cells in the InSitu photos. There were four folders of photos to
count. I created new excel files to record the numbers. I counted the positive cells
blindly which meant each photo had a randomized number so my results would
not be skewed. After all the counting, I recoded the photos to their genotype (WT
or M) and condition (Control or Test). The results are looking promising. Neha
said she'll take a look at them early next week.
I've started planning my presentation for the lab which I will be presenting on
Thursday before my last day on Friday. It has been such an awesome experience
working with Hiro, Neha, and the rest of the team. I wish I had photos to show
but I'll share them the last week!

- it seems like my entries are getting shorter and shorter every week.. hopefully my last entry will be more interesting!

Week 5 @ Microdynamic Systems Lab

While the fifth week was shorter than a regular week due to a break on Monday and the Independence Day on Thursday, it nonetheless put a wonderful end on my research experience.

After learning to use Robot Operating Systems and programming patterns for a LED string using Python in the first four weeks, in the fifth week I connected my codes to the actual LED string and finished the testing.  Following are the videos I took of the LED patterns.

1. Asleep Mode:

2. Ready Mode:

3. Unbalanced Mode:

4. Linear Single (Gaussian Wave) Motion:

As my professor said on my first day at lab, five-week is not at all a long time for scientific research.  Nevertheless, this five-week experience was both challenging and fulfilling.  It exposed me to the real-world scientific research where there is a combination of individual working and collective effort. In addition to inspiring me about technology and management, the experience introduced me to many engineering concepts and equipments, honed my programming skills, and prepared me for independent problem-solving and collaboration in innovation.

I really appreciate the preparation and inspiration Peddie has always been providing me with and the opportunity that the Robotics Institute of Carnegie Mellon University has given me.  I hope I can make good use of my knowledge and experience and benefit others in the future.

Week 3 at the Gab Lab

Hi everyone. It's Michelle again, checking in from the Gabrieli Lab at MIT. Week 3 was quite slow, due to most of the lab not coming in starting Wednesday. This week, I worked more with the CASL team, which is headed by post doc ZhengHan, who like everyone else, is very nice and encouraging. I began by organizing subject folders, grading homework and quizzes, and scoring various tests. Then, ZhengHan brought me down to help out with running Session 1s with the subjects. Session 1s are the first time we meet subjects. During these sessions, we give subjects a bunch of computerized tests, as well as interactive tests, where we are the examiners. I received a script that I had to follow with all the subjects in order to instruct them on what to do, and downloaded the program 'PsychoPy' so I could run the PCPT test, which tests tonal recognition and analysis on subjects. For example, the test will play a sound, and subjects have to identify whether it has a rising, neutral, or falling tone.

PCPT set up (not the actual test)

However, I have not been licensed to test the KBIT (IQ test) on my own because it involves interaction with the subject, and a good poker face! As a result, I'm meeting with Kelly, the psycho-educational evaluator, next Monday to go over administering the KBIT. Kelly will also teach me about the various tests I've been scoring for the past three weeks in order to give me some context as to what I am actually doing.

Today was probably the most 'science-y' day I've had in the lab. Since only Zhenghan and 'Big Michelle' were at work, and only 1 subject came in for testing, I spent the day 'pruning' raw EEG data. EEG, which stands for electroencephalography, is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp (it's the thing where people put on a swim cap with a bunch of nodes on them). Although nodes are placed all over the scalp, Zhenghan explained that the nodes near the eyes are used to record vertical eye movements (VEOG), which includes blinking, and lateral eye movement. Because EEGs are super sensitive, noise, speech, and muscle movement all produce huge peaks in the data. When these peaks occur in eye movements, they are considered garbage, and they usually affect the data from the scalp. Therefore, my job was to 'prune' these peaks, which means flattening the lines, using a process known as independent component analysis (ICA). This is important because if you simply edited out the peaks, you may be deleting sections of significant information from the scalp! Below is the ICA process:

Raw EEG Data. Scroll component activities on the left, scroll channel activities on the right.

I first had to identify which components (left side) corresponded with the eye movement channels (right side). These eye channels are the bottom two lines on picture on the right. Next, I used the technical computing application 'MATLAB' to prune the data:

In the figure above, the red lines show the pruned EEG data. As you can see, a lot of the blips are now straight lines, making it a lot easier to analyze later. 

Zhenghan was also kind enough to show me the results she had obtained from CASL's EEG sessions so far. She told me that during EEG sessions, subjects were tested on two types of language errors: syntactic and semantic. Both errors elicit strong responses in the brain, so huge peaks, which are called event related potentials (ERPs) are created in the EEG. The semantic error induces a N400 ERP, while the syntactic error induces a P600 ERP. This is shown in the figures below (Courtesy of S. J. Luck)

However, Zhenghan's data shows a fascinating trend: People are significantly better at processing one error over the other. Unfortunately, I don't have her graphs and diagrams (she said they were preliminary), but her figures indicated that people with a stronger N400 response had a weaker P600, and vice versa. Her graphs also hinted that people better at identifying one type of error in his/her native language had an easier time identifying the same error in a different language. Moreover, she had these cool, colorful maps of the scalp that showed which areas of the brain were activated during the N400 and P600. Her data suggested that even after 45 minutes of training, certain people began to utilize these specific areas when spotting errors in Mandarin or an artificial language. Basically, the big picture of EEG is to identify people who are adept to learning new languages, and her data seems to imply that this may be possible in 45 minutes!!

I finished the week sitting in on my second fMRI. Next week, I'm helping out with several S1 and fMRI 2 sessions, as well as meeting up with Amy to learn about stats and the brain. I'm excited!

Week 4 @ Microdynamic Systems Lab

In the fourth week I designed the fourth pattern for a string of LEDs around a robot. The pattern is called "Linear Single", which means that the robot is moving linearly and that the LEDs are producing a single gaussian wave to indicate the robot's direction of movement. The design is achieved by taking the parameters of a direction outputted by a game controller and determining the relative LED that indicates the direction.

Other than designing the pattern. I added a "publisher/subscriber" relationship to the "topic" of the direction of the robot's movement. This allows the robot's movement, hence the LED pattern, to be controlled by commands inside the Graphic User Interface(GUI) rather than the game controller.

Eventually, a command inside the RViz (a GUI) called "2D Nav Goal" is able to give instructions to the robot and the LED pattern can be determined accordingly.

As promised in last week's log, I have a cool picture this week. With my mechanical engineer friend from the lab, I visited the cutting of foam sheet using a laser cutter.

Week 3 @ Microdynamic Systems Lab

In the third week I used programming in Python to design three patterns of a string of LEDs that shows the mode of the robot to which the LEDs are attached.

The first mode is "Ready", which tells that the robot is turned on and charged and prepared for movement instructions. The pattern has 36 LEDs emitting dim blue light in the background and 6 "rotating" LEDs emitting bright blue light in the foreground. The pattern is designed by re-editing the "string" of LED's over time and changing the RGB of each LED.

The second mode is "Asleep", which tells that the robot has not been active for a while, currently assumed to be a minute. The pattern is designed so that the LED alternates continuously between bright and dim.

The third mode is "Unbalanced". Because the BallBot robot designed by MSL is balanced on a spherical "foot", or a ball, the robot has to constantly balance itself. When the BallBot has its auxiliary legs down, being tested by researchers, or lost control of its balancing system, the LEDs will flash bright red light to alert nearby people.

Also in the third week I observed a mechanical engineer of the lab milling a Kydex sheet. (Sorry I forgot to take a picture. There is a cool one in the log for the next week)

My third week experience also taught me to be more proactive in seeking explanations for others' codes and solutions to a problem. For example, when designing the "Unbalanced" mode pattern, I was confused for a long time by the original code based on which I edit and add features. I then tried to forget what the original code is and come up with my own. Eventually, I found myself back in the path of the original code and I was able to edit and finish designing the pattern.

NLP week 2, 3: evaluating results and more coding

My name is Jiehan Zheng and I work at CCLS at Columbia University on a natural language processing project on extracting social networks from text with my mentor Apoorv, his colleague Anup and Dr. Rambow.  Now I am into my third week here and I am going to recap what I did in my second week and first half of this week.  In the first week, I worked on visualizing the generated social network.

I worked on postprocessing and evaluating the results from the NER (named entity recognition) system first.  A named entity recognizer takes raw text as input and outputs locations of grouped entity mentions (spans of character offsets counting from the very beginning of text, and by "grouped" I mean entity mentions of the same entity are grouped together in a XML structure under a node) and types of entities (organizations, people, etc).  Our team did not write the NER system ourselves because NER is not Apoorv's focus--his thesis is on social network extraction.  Anyways, so we have to know how well NER is performing and try to "improve" its result without digging into the NER itself.

There were two problems.  First, the NER sometimes mistakenly splits entities that are meant to be the same into multiple entities.  This messed up the generated social network because then you are having more than two vertices for the same person, thus distracting the viewer.  For instance, for Alice in Alice in Wonderland, entity #1 (first entity that NER gave us) had 67 entity mentions of "alice", 3 of "poor alice" among many other entity mentions like "she", "her", etc.  Entity #81, meanwhile, had 38 mentions of "alice" and 3 mentions of "alice hastily", etc.  We need to merge these.  Clearly, to humans we know that 1 and 81 both refer to the main character Alice in the novel, yet how can we have computers to make similar decisions?

Our solution was to find all the different entity mentions from the output and create feature vectors with them.  For the sake of simplicity, let's say that in a NER output, if we ignore all the words like "she" and "he", only "alice", "poor alice", "a little girl", "queen", "alice hastily", "her sister", "king" were mentioned.  We will create a feature vector of (# of occurrences of "alice", # of occurrences of "poor alice", ..., # of "king") for each entity in the output.  Maybe E1 = {"alice"x67, "poor alice"x3}, then E1 will be given a feature vector of (67, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0).  Similarly, E81 will have (38, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0).  Then if we think of them being vectors in 7-dimensional space (about which I have no idea) and calculate their cosine similarity (just learned this last week from Apoorv), they will have a surprisingly high similarity (> 0.99).  The implementation of entity merging was to generate a mapping from IDs of one or more entities to the ID of one entity (actually this part of the code is in the screenshot).  Say, 1, 13 and 81 are all actually Alice, then we will have a map that maps 13 to 1 and 81 to 1.  Then when we present the result to users, I check if the entity is in this duplication mapping.

Running the code to merge entities and guess names

The second problem was that the NER gives us no information about a person's real name or best name.  I wrote some code to address this problem.  For instance, for entity #6 we have (after removing words like "she" and "he"): {"a white rabbit"=1, "the rabbit"=16, "the white rabbit"=11, "the white rabbit, who was peeping"=1, "the white rabbit, who said,"=1}.  Clearly this is talking about "the rabbit".  In this case, "the rabbit" is the most frequently used entity mention, so my program would pick "the rabbit" as the best name.  The reason why we remove the common pronouns is that otherwise we would see a lot of "she" and "he" being picked as the best name, which wouldn't make sense because no one wants to see a social network graph with vertices called "she" and "he" all over the place and interacting with each other.  When the entity mentions counts suggest a tie, we choose the first entity mention because most of the time the name is clear when a character is formally introduced.

After this, I wrote a simple script in Python to crawl a website to obtain test text data for later use.

Then I wrote a program to evaluate NER by comparing NER output against the gold standard by paid human annotators.  I used a simple spans exact match and it didn't work very well.  For instance, if there is a span 10000-10002 corresponding to "cat", and there is another span 9996-10002 corresponding to "the cat", my current program would give a score of zero--yet this "cat" and "the cat" mistake is not a serious one, and shouldn't be punished so badly.  Because I was interrupted to do some other programs, I didn't get to implement a more flexible span matching method yet, but I will.  After this, we also map this into a multidimensional space and calculate the similarity between each output entity from NER and each entity from the gold to see how similar they are.

This Monday I started another small project using Java, HTML and JavaScript to help Apoorv, Anup and Dr. Rambow analyze experiment results for a paper that is due this Friday (I know, it's so close to the deadline now...)!  Basically the program makes machine learning examples output from Java, displays them in a webpage, and dynamically inserts columns from experiments provided in JSON format that maps example IDs to scores.  It also colors results that agree with the gold green, and red otherwise.  The user can type commands in the web console to filter rows (the one in the screenshot means that I want to see only the examples that model 1 got right but on which models 2, 3, 4, 5 all failed.  It makes comparing machine learning models much easier.

I expected to do the sentiment analysis starting from week 2, but obviously that didn't happen...but working on postprocessing and making all kinds of utilities is fun, too.  Hopefully I will start the coolest part of the research soon!

By the way, we still go to work on July 4th!

Week 1-- The enrichment process of fruit flies

Hello everyone.This is Sandra. The first week of my lab (The Evolution and Behavior Lab) in Harvard University was awesome.I am working directly with my PI Dr de Bivort,( but he likes me to call him Ben) and he is very easy going, helpful and communicative. I am lucky to have this chance to work with him.

Day 1

Ben gave me a tour around the Rowland Institute where my lab is located . He went through all the safety instructions in the lab and he introduced two machines that I would use in the following weeks: FlyVac and the Y-maze machine. The FlyVac is used to measure the phototactic personality while the Y-maze is to measure the locomotive behavior of fruit flies.  

 

Day 2

In the  morning I need to go for shopping at the Central Square in Cambridage area. Since my project is " How environmental enrichment affect the behavioral diversity of genetically identical fruit flies", Ben asked me to make an enrichment plan for the fruit flies and go to the art store in Central Square to buy all the supplies which could be used for enrichment. I bought some pipe cleaners, small poms poms, drinking strews, thin sticks of balsa wood and some small tubes that fruit flies could climb on. 

 

Day 3

 I had a practice of using the microscope to separate female fruit flies from male fruit flies, virgins from non virgins. It was really amazing. After that, Ben asked me to read the first chapter of the book called "Fly Pushing". It is useful for me to learn about the basic fly husbandry and steps for the collection of flies for crosses. After I finished the first chapter, I started making the trials for my experiment.There are same number of enrichment tubes and control tubes, and there are three females and two males in each tube. After the fruit flies in all the tubes were awake, I put them into the fridge which is in 25 degree and 60% Relative Humidity. 

 

Day 4

I learnt how to expand the fruit flies and created more trials for my experiment. At the end of the day, Ben gave me a suggestion: create two extreme conditions of environment enrichment, one is what I have been doing so far (enrichment in the tube) and other one is to use a tall big cage. I need to see how the results differ from each other.

 

Day 5 and Day 6

I was simply doing the expansion of the fruit flies and more creation of the trials because I was waiting for the more supplies for the enrichment (big cage) to be delivered.

Overall the first week is a fruitful week to me. I am looking forward to using the two machines and collecting data in the coming weeks!  

Week 3-4 in Princeton

My name is Jacky Ziwen Jiang and I am working in McAlping lab at Princeton for this summer. It has been four weeks and our research has been going pretty well.

As the first two weeks were mainly about planning and chemicals ordering, we turned in to the actual working mode the past two weeks.

The main material we need to prepare is thylakoid, the main factory where photosynthesis takes place. To get thylakoid, the method is not that simple as just cut leaves into small pieces. First of all, we need to choose the right plant leaves for the thylakoid extraction. After reading certain amount of articles, spinach leaves has the relative high concentration of chloroplasts in their leaves, which we will choose for our experiments. After we bought the spinach, there are two more buffers we need to make for the thylakoid extraction. One is grinding buffer and the other one is washing buffer.

The whole process is filled with multiple complex procedures. First of all, the precise measurement of different chemicals we need takes consistent attention without vacillation. After that, I need to use a lab blender to blend the mixture of alginate leaf pieces with grinding buffer. After we get the solution, we will put it into the centrifuge for the pellet. During this process, I also learn new knowledge of the unit conversion between rpm and g, which show the rotation strength. The pellet we get need to go through another step, which is called resuspension. In this step, we put the pellet into the washing buffer and do the resuspension procedure. Then, we need to go through few more times of centrifuge to get the concentrated thylakoid.

The solution looks clearly green and fresh. These two weeks’ experiments give me a great learning opportunity of thylakoid, which gives me a further understanding of the knowledge I have learned in class. This is a great example of practice the knowledge I learned in actual experiments.  

Week 1-2 at the Mendelsohn Lab

Hi my name is Jason and I am working at the Mendelsohn lab for the summer. I am beginning my second week here at the lab and already feeling more comfortable. When I arrived at the Columbia Irving Cancer Research Center and stepped into the lab, almost 10 days ago, I was nervous and really early. I got there thirty minutes early thinking that was the right thing to do, but ultimately waited for the next thirty minutes worrying that I was in the wrong building or that they had forgotten about me. Carolina, one of the researchers at the lab, arrived minutes later after my minor panic attack and I was relieved. She was told by my PI, Dr. Mendelsohn, that this was my first day and showed me to the lab. I soon got to meet all six other students and researchers. They were a mix of a medical student, graduate students, and post docs and all welcomed me to the lab. The Mendelsohn lab studies urological cell biology, specifically bladder cancer. Because bladder cancer has many variations and can only be differentiated through histology (the study of tissue through examination under the microscope), the course of treatment may be inaccurate depending on what each histologist sees. This makes potential treatment options useless if the histologist makes the wrong diagnosis. The primary goal of this lab is to find certain genetics markers in the mass growing on the bladder to determine which kind of cancer it is (Transitional cell bladder cancer, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, invasive bladder cancer, or squamous cell bladder cancer). For the first couple days, I spent my time following, watching, and reading. I eventually learned what my primary job would be at the lab; put simply, it is to paraffin section and to stain. Paraffin sectioning is the process of cutting thin films (5nm) of tissue, in my case mouse bladder tissue or a mouse embryo, embedded into a block of paraffin wax to be then put on slides for further examination. Dan, a medical student, taught me how to paraffin section and it was very difficult at first. The thin film of tissue is so delicate and sticky that it either folds on itself or just rips apart before I could even get close to putting it into the water and onto the slide. After about two days, I got the technique down. Once I would finish the paraffin sectioning, I would move these slides for staining. I have learned two types of staining so far: ABC staining and H&E staining. I just follow the protocol and time how long I put the slides into the numerous solutions; it is very straightforward. (Actually, tomorrow I am going to learn a new type of staining technique called fluorescent staining. I don't really know what it is yet, but it sounds very interesting.) After an hour of reading if I have time, I end my day hopping on the A train and then the M66 to make my way home.

--- [I'll put up photos on the next post.]

Fluorescence; The Crazy World of Wavelengths Week 3

My name is Colton and I’m visiting the Buccella Laboratory at New York University. The lab is part of the chemistry department and we are studying fluorescent compounds that bind with magnesium.

 This week went by pretty fast and I’m already sad that I only have 3 weeks left. Like usual I was up at 4:30am to catch the train and be in the lab by 9:30am. As soon as Sarina came in we began that day’s experiment; testing changes in spectroscopic properties of a compound in different solvents. You may be looking at your screen asking yourself “Well what does all that mean?”. Spectroscopy is the study of how molecules interact with radiation (light). We are testing the fluorescent properties of a molecule. Essentially how much and what type of light a molecule emits and how that changes according to the solvent it is in.  

First, we had to make our solutions using the compound 1C.

Compound 1C
(SCS_2_185 & CK_1_06)

Using DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) we diluted 10uL(micro-liter) of 1mM (milli-molar) compound 1C to a 2uM (micro-molar) solution. We did the same but in ACN (Acetonitrile). We then began our tests on the UV-Vis and fluorometer. Using the UV-Vis we were able to gather the absorption maximum of each solution. Absorption maximum is the wavelength with the greatest absorbance for a compound. That maximum is then used as the excitation wavelength to gather emission data on the fluorimeter. Basically, that wavelength of light is used to excite the molecule. The emission scan tells us the wavelength that is emitted with the greatest intensity when excited with that given wavelength. The emission maximum (the wavelength emitted with the greatest intensity for a given excitation wavelength), is used in the excitation scan. The excitation scan tells us what wavelength is necessary to have a compound emit a certain wavelength (essentially confirming the absorbance scan). It was unbelievable to see how the fluorescence intensity changed so much in different solvents. Not only did it decrease but it either shifted left or right on the light spectrum. Left shifts move towards blue light, and right shifts move towards red light.  Here’s a graph to give you a visual of the data we collect.

Absorbance Data of Compound 1C in Various Solvents. Peaks represent absrobance maximum.
(CK_1_06/16)

Fluorescence Data of Compound 1C in Various Solvents. 
(CK_1_06/16)

Monday was a long day and we didn't finish up until about 7pm. We were tasked that night to plan for an unplanned experiment to start the next day. So for the time being my experiment was put on hold, because we needed the instruments for this new experiment. The previous week I mentioned that Brismar and I were testing a compound, and as it turned out, we needed to check the compounds binding ability with magnesium in the presence of ATP. The way the compound was designed it only need to bind at two places with magnesium and magnesium has four binding sites. This may seem insignificant, but it’s not because this means magnesium can still bind with ATP, which is not beneficial to our research. The goal of the fluorescent sensors the grad students and Dr. Buccella are designing are to locate free magnesium in the cell, not magnesium bound to other compounds and proteins. So for the rest of the week, that would be the project that Sarina, Brismar and I would be working on.

Before testing anything, we had to make solution of ATP and Magnesium-ATP. It was much more challenging than we were expecting. The original concentration of ATP we wanted in each solution would require more ATP than we had. When we figured out the most concentrated solution we could make with the ATP we had, we didn't account for the Kd (dissociation constant) of ATP, which would not allow us to make the concentration we wanted to, because it wouldn't dissolve in such a little amount of solvent. After an hour or two of thinking, plus doing various calculations we found a concentration that worked. So Tuesday was spent making our solutions. We were finally able to begin the experiment. The first test we did was with the Magnesium-ATP solution. As we preceded with the emission scans, we began to see a decrease in fluorescent intensity as we added more Magnesium-ATP to a solution of the sensor. This was really odd. We figured the ATP binding with magnesium may quench the fluorescence a bit, but not decrease as we add more. Well we did some thinking with Dr. Buccella and we discovered that the equilibrium of the reaction was slow. So when we proceeded with the second trial, we allowed the reaction to reach equilibrium after each addition of Magnesium-ATP. It turns out this was all we needed to do, and instead of decreasing, fluorescence increased, but not as much as when ATP is not present, which means ATP is affecting the fluorescence. (Always do experiments twice… you never know what could happen.)  The rest of the week consisted of us repeating this experiment and doing the same experiment with just ATP, to see how the sensor is affected by the ATP, with without the presence of Magnesium.

To sum the week up, it was very exciting with many surprises. For me one of the best parts was seeing and helping figure out why we were getting the results we got and how we could test them further. It was a lot of critical thinking, but that’s never a bad thing!

    

STAMs-- weeks 2&3 at the Murphy lab

Richard here, studying learning and memory in C. elegans in Dr. Murphy's lab at Princeton.

For the past two weeks, the primary focus of my research has been to perform short term associative memory training (STAMs) on wild type (N2) and egl-4(ky95) worms.  I may have given a brief description of STAMs in an earlier post, but I'll go into more detail this time:

The experiment starts off with several plates of a strain of worms, which have been bleached so that the worms being tested are all about the same age.  Using M9 buffer, I wash the worms off one of the plates to serve as my naive testing group-- I examine the worms' responsiveness to the chemical butanone without any prior conditioning which will enhance their response.  Then, I wash the rest of the worms off the plates and into a 15 mL tube, where they starve for about an hour.  When this hour has passed, I transfer the worms onto several conditioning plates, with food, and spot a small amount of butanone on each plate so that after an hour of conditioning, the worms will have a developed a strong association between food and butanone.    To test this association, I prepare chemotaxis plates, which look like this:

Chemotaxis assay of wild type right after conditioning-- all the worms are attracted to butanone (left)

The dots on the right and left are both spotted with sodium azide, which stops the worms from moving, and the right and left dots are spotted with ethanol and butanone, respectively.  I put about 100-300 worms on the dot at the bottom, called the origin, and after an hour, I take a picture of the plate and use a digital sorting program to count the worms.  This entire process is called a chemotaxis assay, and I need to perform one at various time points: right after conditioning (0 hr), 30 minutes after conditioning, 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr, and 6 hr, using three chemotaxis plates per time point per strain in order to ensure accuracy. The worms being tested at later time points are placed onto hold plates which contain food but no butanone. Factoring in the two hours it takes to starve and then train the worms, the entire experiment lasts 8 hours.  However, there are large chunks of time in between, which gives me time to perform other preparations needed for future STAMs, and time to just relax.

My second week, I performed three STAMs with just the wild type strain, to get acquainted.  My third week, I performed three STAMs with both the wild type strain and the egl-4 strain.  It is known that the egl-4 strain retains its association between food and butanone for several hours, unlike wild type, which loses this association almost completely 2 hrs after conditioning, but during all three of the experiments I performed last week, the egl-4 strain actually displayed even worse chemotaxis towards butanone than did wild type, which is the exact opposite of what was expected.  Two possible explanations immediately come to mind: 1) I am a genius who has just proven the scientific world wrong, or 2) I'm an idiot who, despite having performed the same exact experiment three times, still managed to completely screw up.  Option number 1 sounds  flattering, but is highly unlikely.  Option number 2 seems more realistic, but while there are many things at which I am inept, I am certainly no idiot, never have been, and I am 150% sure that I performed these experiments with as impeccable timing as I could achieve.  With this being said, at this point, I'm not sure what exactly went wrong, but now that my grad student, Geneva, along with the rest of the lab, is back from the International worm meeting at UCLA, hopefully we can figure something out.

In the meantime, I was able to cross my egl-4 mutants with my crh-1 mutants to produce heterozygotes, and then allow those to self fertilize to produce possible double mutants.  In order to verify if any of the offspring chosen are indeed double mutants, I performed PCR and then ran a gel.  However, if there are serious problems with my egl-4 strain, as evidenced by my extremely odd results from my egl-4 STAMs, then this pursuit may be in jeopardy.  All I can do is hope for the best.

PROJECT!!!!

Hey it's Katie again from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.  Finally after 7 long months of waiting I finally have my project.  In Dr. Hodinka's lab, the primary goal of research is to improve their clinical outcomes.  With that in mind, he has assigned me to two new projects.  The one which has taken up the majority of my time is the HSV (Herpes Simplex Virus) comparison study.  Mike (a med-tech) and I are comparing 5 different HSV assays (three type specific and two type independent assays).  Mike and I are waiting for one more probe (a PCR agent that emits florescence when replication is occuring) before we can officially begin the study.

My other project is developing a new corona virus assay.  Corona virus is a respiratory virus that is most known for the SARS outbreak a few years ago.   However, this outcome is pretty rare and coronavirus usually results in the common cold.  Its name originated from the sun shaped rash that can sometimes develop on the patient's skin. The assay I will be developing tests for 4 strains of the virus.  So far this project has involved pulling past respiratory samples and doing a lot of paper work.  At this point I have over 700 patient samples on file, and that is just from one month!  Once we get a little deeper into the project I will fill you guys in on more details but I just wanted to check in!

Product Characterization - Week 2

Hi I'm Harry and I'm currently working with Dr. Ballatore in a chemistry lab at UPenn focusing on chemical synthesis of isosteres.

At the end of the previous week we were trying to figure out the content of a product that was not what we expected. To further characterize the compound, in addition to LC-MS, the post-doc Brian took me down to the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) machine. Apparently the magnetic field around the machine is so strong that if you had a credit card in your pocket it would be deactivated. Brian tried to explain to me how the NMR works in simple terms because the actual theory requires chemistry and physics knowledge that are well beyond my level. So basically the NMR creates a magnetic field that can change the direction an electron spins (it can only spin in two possible directions), and the machine can measure the amount of energy required to make that change. The energy required is presented on the resulting graph as a chemical shift, which is essentially the position of a peak on the graph. In a proton NMR, the integration of each peak shows the number of protons at that location; in a carbon NMR, each peak represents one carbon atom. Because the energy required to make the change in spin direction is related to the chemical environment that the atom is in (which simply means the other atoms around it in the chemical structure), each proton or carbon in a specific location will have a specific range of chemical shift. So if you know that a carbon atom in a carbonyl group will always show up on the left end of the graph, a peak on the left end will indicate that you have a carbonyl carbon. The NMR essentially gives us more information on the structure of the compound that we have made. 

The NMR result certainly did not represent the compound we wanted, so while Dr. Ballatore and Brian were trying to figure out what was going on with the NMR (I can't interpret a NMR graph), he had me set up another reaction to deprotect the compound. The isobutane that was attached in the first step of the reaction was a "protection" of the reactive carbonyl oxygen. Once deprotected, we ran another LC-MS to see what was in the compound. As expected, the largest peak showed the same molecular weight as before minus an isobutane. After some guessing around, Dr. Ballatore figured it out. What happened was that the reaction produced a large amount of dimers, compounds that had two cyclopentanediones. It was pretty amazing how he just guessed the right one.

While all this was happening, we had set up a separate reaction which was a lot simpler than the one we were working on, it only had one step and didn't require reflux or deprotection. The reaction sill uses cyclopentanedione, and it basically adds the benzyl ring on the other side of the structure. Changing the location of the benzyl group can affect the compound's acidity and ability to penetrate membranes.

After figuring out what went wrong, we redid the reaction and this time modified the run-time to minimize dimerization.

$3,600 Responsibility and Mock Life Span Experiment! -Week 2

(Rhea - CHOP - Mitochondrial Disease Lab)

Now that I am much more acquainted with the lab members and the ways in which the lab runs, I'm being given a lot more responsibility. After learning to pour plates and spread bacteria, Fred (an undergrad) tested my skills by asking me to pour and spread my own plates without supervision. Taking great precaution, I made sure to follow the protocol correctly (ex. didn't blow up the autoclave machine, didn't let the agar solidify in the flask I prepared it in). Fred meticulously checked my final products and informed me that my plates were completely contamination free (that's a huge deal!!). Now if the lab is ever running out of plates or solutions, I can be called upon to help them out. Just the other day during my free time, I made 2 liters of S. Basal, a salt solution used to maintain the worms, and 75 new plates for Zsoka to use. Later in the week, Julian taught me about the biochemistry work in the lab. We test carbon-13 labeled worms under different conditions for their organic acids, amino acids and protein abundance by using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. To make the samples for each type of testing, the worms have to be grown synchronously (all at the same life stage) and under the specified conditions (ex. with drug, without drug), and then collected into viles. Once in the viles, they need to be centrifuged, ground up with a little drill, and treated with certain chemicals to ensure the best results. After showing me how to make samples with the first two viles, Julian left me to do the rest saying "you probably have a steadier hand and a better eye than me anyway" in his thick Russian accent. He also reminded me that every one of the samples cost us $150 to put through testing so I made sure to be careful with each and most importantly I made sure not to mix up the order of the samples...otherwise we wouldn't know which results corresponded to which sample! Overall my second and a half week in the lab has been even more exciting than the first and the best part is that my PI, Dr. Falk, told me that at this rate, I could be starting my actual life span project next week! Woo hoo!

Linksvayer Lab: end of Week 3

Hi my name is Ben Wagner and I've been working in the Linksvayer Lab at Penn. We work on evolutionary biology and collective decision making in ants.

My second and third weeks in the lab turned out to be very similar to the first. I'm still working on the genetics project, where we are finding differences in micro-satellites in the Pharaoh Ant colonies in the lab. This information is important for the future of the lab, because it will allow us to compare colonies genetically as well as behaviorally, and determine if certain actions/activities, such as one colony having twice as many queens although still being the same size as another (Pharaoh Ants are polygynous which means they have multiple queens); we then compare this to the genetic difference between the two or more colonies. My P.I. left this week to go to some conferences in Europe, where he'll be learning ant stinger dissection techniques, and talking with the top ant experts on the continent! But before he left he gave me new directions with my project, by which I mean he expanded it. I'm now doing about a dozen more colonies than my previously reported amount, as well as running gel electrophoresis in multiple samples from each colony to test if the PCR worked before submitting them for sequencing.

In total the lab week has been pretty slow. Most of the projects in the lab are coming to a close, so most of my fellow researchers are anxious to finish and start new projects. Although I know my project will not be finished anytime soon, I'll hopefully begin working on more behavioral based work, just to mix things up. Because of many projects almost being finished, everyone has had a little more time to hang out, so I got to know everyone in the lab a lot better, and we even went out for fro-yo after work one day. Unfortunately, we had to say good-bye to our lab tech Katie, who is leaving to go to grad school. But we're excited for our new lab tech Michael to be in charge because he's a really fun guy.

I haven't gotten a chance to return to the Berger lab yet, mainly because every time Riley's been there its been rather serious business. To remind you, Riley, my grad student, works in both Dr. Linksvayer evolutionary biology ant lab and Dr. Berger's epigentics in ants lab. So he's been over there trying to talk to Dr. Berger about his next steps not only in his project but in his future at the lab. This means I've had a lot more unsupervised lab work, to the point of Riley calling me "99%, if not completly, autonomous". I've also taken it upon myself to sign up for ant feeding, which as a temporary volunteer I'm not required to do, but I wanted to do my part. Its a rather long process, due to the hundred or so colonies of Pharaoh Ants and another 300-400 colonies of another type (which I can't remember because I don't use them). For both we need to give them new food and water, which is always interesting because they usually start making nests and climbing all over the test tubes they get water from.

I'm not expecting too much of a change this week, this Riley's going to be at an "ant meeting" all Monday and Tuesday, and with July being off... there will be mostly more of the same. But I am excited for the Penn/CHOP exp lunch Tuesday!

Week 2 at the Donohue Lab

Hey this is Meg Dalrymple, and I will be writing about my second week at the Donohue Lab, which mainly focuses in the evolutionary and genetic mechanisms behind germination at Duke University

The Autoclave

Walking into the lab on Monday of my second week, I felt much more prepared and comfortable than just 7 days prior. We still had one more day of censusing left to do and so me and Lien got started on it right away and finished pretty quickly. After that, we had a lot of dirty petri dishes that needed to be sterilized before we threw them out, since they contained biological waste (the germinating seeds). So, we headed over to the autoclave, which is a big machine that sterilizes things using heat and water. There are different types of cycles that you can run, depending on what you need to be sterilized. For the trash we used a setting called “gravity” which uses heat and water, but other dry cycles only use heat. After about an hour the trash was done so we took it out of the autoclave and to the dumpster. In the afternoon, we realized that we had cut the filter paper the wrong size for our experiment. However, the new uncut filter paper that Bri had ordered hadn’t arrived yet, so we continued to cut weigh boats and punch holes in them.

The next day on Tuesday, the filter paper came. However, I busy helping the other group in the lab prepare for later in the week so I couldn’t help cut the paper. I was busy preparing plates with which the group would seed (put seeds on the plates). This meant that I counted and laid out 900 plates. Next an undergraduate, Aman, made agar to be poured into all 900 plates. As I went to lunch he started pouring. When I returned, he told me the other agar was in the autoclave and that it would be done in about 5 minutes, and then he headed off to lunch. I went up to the autoclave and got the agar so I could begin pouring. About a half hour later, Aman returned and we continued to pour. In addition to pouring agar, the plates also had to be labeled. So as we poured, we labeled and organized the plates into the different seed genotypes. After we finished pouring the agar at one point, we realized that some of the plates we not solidifying. Aman figured out that because the liquid agar had been sitting for a while, the solution had separated and the top was mainly water, and the bottom was mainly agar. Therefore, we had to redo about 200 plates and make new agar to insure that we did it right. We finally finished pouring and labeling a couple hours later.

Cut filter paper

Then on Wednesday, Lien and I began to assemble our plates. This meant that first we would sterilize the cut weigh boats with ethanol (they couldn’t be autoclaved because they would melt). Next, because we cut slits in the strip of filter paper, we were able to create a loop out of it by locking the 2 ends together, using the slits. In this loop of filter paper, the weigh boat would slide in upside-down so that the bottom of the weigh boat was facing up. Then the weigh boat and filter paper would be put in a petri dish, lying flat. On the first day, we made about 120 dishes and then helped the other group seed.

On Thursday, our only goal was to finish making the dishes. We spent all morning and some of the afternoon working on it. Eventually however, we ran out of weigh boats and had to stop. This meant that we had to order more weigh boats, and eventually will have to cut and poke holes in them. We still have around 250 dishes that we need to make. Once we were unable to make any more dishes, we decided to autoclave some distilled water because we will need it for our experiment. For the rest of the day, we read articles.

The next day we wanted to make the solutions that had different water potentials since we will be seeding our experiment on Monday on dishes with those solutions. However, we needed to first autoclave empty bottles that would hold solutions. Therefore, while we were waiting for the autoclave to finish, we helped the other group seed until lunch. After lunch we began making the solutions. In order to change the water potential of solutions, we added a powder called polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG is actually commonly used in medicines, in chemical spills, and in toothpastes and creams. It smells a lot like glue and when mixed together with water, it creates a soapy solution. We made 5 different water potentials by weighing out really large amounts of PEG and then mixing it with water. Once we were finished, Lien and I had to go to another discussion about a paper. However, this time the paper was far easier to understand, and I had already read it earlier in the spring. Therefore the meeting was a lot less stressful than the one we had the week before.

Overall I enjoyed this week because although I’m still not doing very exciting tasks, there is more variety to them now. I’ve learned how to do many new things this week, such as autoclaving and preparing dishes, making my research more interesting and enjoyable. In addition, everyone in the lab is still really friendly and enjoyable to work with, making the overall experience a good one.